Buy Anatomy And Physiology Discussion

Posted: September 16th, 2022

Buy Anatomy And Physiology Discussion
UNIT 1: THE BODY AS A WHOLE.
CHAPTER 1: ORGANIZATION OF THE BODY.
CHAPTER 2: HOMEOSTASIS.
CHAPTER 3: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE.
Compose 400 words or more discussion to respond the following:
Define each term in these pairs: superior/inferior, anterior/posterior, medial/lateral, dorsal/ventral. What is Anatomical Position? Explain its importance? Describe a example of feed-forward in a physiological control system.
body
Anatomy: science of the structure of an organism and the relations of its parts
Gross anatomy: study of the body and its parts that relies only on what the eye can see as a tool for observation (Figure 1-2)
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (cont.)
Microscopic anatomy: study of body parts with a microscope
Cytology: study of cells
Histology: study of tissues
Developmental anatomy: study of human growth and development
Pathological anatomy: study of diseased body structures
Systemic anatomy: study of the body by systems
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (cont.)
Physiology: science of the functions of organisms; subdivisions named by:
Organism involved: human or plant physiology
Organizational level: molecular or cellular physiology
Systemic function: respiratory physiology, neurophysiology, or cardiovascular physiology
LANGUAGE OF SCIENCE AND MEDICINE
Scientific terms are often based on Latin or Greek word parts
A terminology tool is provided in the pull-out section near the front of this textbook
Terminologia Anatomica (TA) and Terminologia Histologica (TH)
Official lists of anatomical terms (TA, gross anatomy; TH, microscopic anatomy)
Terms listed in Latin, in English, and by number
Avoids use of eponyms (terms based on a person’s name)
Physiology terms do not have an official list but follow the same principles as TA and TH
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
A single criterion may be adequate to describe life, such as:
Autopoiesis: living organisms are self-organized and self-maintaining
Cell theory: if the entity is made of one or more cells, it is alive
Characteristics of life considered most important in human beings are summarized in Table 1-1
Metabolism: sum total of all physical and chemical reactions occurring in the living body
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
Chemical level: basis for life (Figure 1-3)
Organization of chemical structures separates living material from nonliving material
Organization of atoms, molecules, and macromolecules results in living matter—a gel called cytoplasm
Organelle level
Chemical structures organized to form organelles that perform individual functions
Functions of the organelles allow the cell to live
Dozens of organelles have been identified, including:
Mitochondria
Golgi apparatus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Cellular level
Cells: smallest and most numerous units that possess and exhibit characteristics of life
Each cell has a nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm within a limiting membrane
Cells differentiate to perform unique functions
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION (cont.)
Tissue level
Tissue: an organization of similar cells specialized to perform a certain function
Tissue cells are surrounded by nonliving matrix
Four major tissue types
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION (cont.)
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION (cont.)
Organ level
Organ: organization of several different kinds of tissues to perform a specific function
Organs represent discrete and functionally complex operational units
Each organ has a unique size, shape, appearance, and placement in the body
System level
Systems: most complex organizational units of the body
System level involves varying numbers and kinds of organs arranged to perform complex functions (Table 1-2):
Support and movement
Communication, control, and integration
Transportation and defense
Respiration, nutrition, and excretion
Reproduction and development
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION (cont.)
Organism level
The living human organism is greater than the sum of its parts
All the components interact to allow the human being to survive and flourish
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION (cont.)
ANATOMICAL POSITION
Reference position (Figure 1-4)
Body erect with arms at sides and palms forward
Head and feet pointing forward
ANATOMICAL POSITION (cont.)
Bilateral symmetry: a term meaning that right and left sides of the body are mirror images
Bilateral symmetry confers balanced proportions
Remarkable correspondence of size and shape between body parts on opposite sides of the body
Ipsilateral structures are on the same side of the body in anatomical position
Contralateral structures are on opposite sides of the body in anatomical position
BODY CAVITIES
Ventral body cavity (Figure 1-5; Table 1-3)
Thoracic cavity
Right and left pleural cavities
Mediastinum
Abdominopelvic cavity
Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity
Dorsal body cavity
Cranial cavity
Spinal cavity
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BODY REGIONS
Axial subdivision (Figure 1-6; Table 1-4)
Head
Neck
Torso, or trunk, and its subdivisions
Appendicular subdivision
Upper extremity and subdivisions
Lower extremity and subdivisions
BODY REGIONS (cont.)
Abdominal regions (Figure 1-7)
Right hypochondriac region
Epigastric region